Use of parts of Speeh

q  k~b¨¯’vb  c~iY Kivi mgq Part of speech Gi e¨envi Rvbv Avek¨K| wewfbœ   Parts of speech I Zv‡`i equivalents Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

Noun Gi Ae¯’vb

Noun 6 wU Ae¯’v‡b e‡m|

1. Verb Gi subject-Honesty is the best policy.
2. Verb Gi object- I eat  rice.
3. Verb Gi complement (Abyc~iK) – I am Kamal.{hvnvi mvnv‡h¨ wKQ~ c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i}
4. Preposition Gi Object- I live with Alam.
5. Case in apposition (cÖvmw½KvZv) Amin, our captain, made fifty runs.
6. Object Gi complement –We made him captain.

q  Noun Gi c~‡e© Noun Gi wb‡`©kK ev Deteminer emv‡Z cv‡i A_v©r Determiner Gi ci Noun e‡m|

q  wb‡¤§  KZ ¸‡jv Determiner †`qv n‡jv- a, an, the, my, your, his, her, their, our, this, that, these, those,BZ¨vw` Ges msL¨v evPK kã I chv©qMZ kã| †hgb : one, two, three.........., first, second, third,............,Many, little, few BZ¨vw`|

we‡kølY: I like him for his GB AskUzKz GKwU c~Y© evK¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi c~Y©Zvi Rb¨ his Gi ci GKwU  Noun word `vex K‡i | †hgb his ci ‘honesty’ GB word wU e¨envi Ki‡j GKwU c~Y© evK¨ nq|

                        I like him for his honesty.

Note : Determiner I Noun Gi gv‡S adjectiveem‡Z cv‡i|

‡hgb: He is a sincere boy.

Note: Noun Gi Ae¯’v‡b Infinitive wesev gerund em‡Z cv‡i|

Infinitive Gi Ae¯’vb

‡hgb t              To walk is good for health (Verb Gi  sub iƒ‡c Infinitive)

I like to play (Verb Gi Object iƒ‡c Infinitive)

My hobby is to play ( Verb Gi complement iƒ‡c Infinitive)

She is about to die (Preposition  Gi Object iƒ‡c Infinitive)

Gerund Gi Ae¯’vb

 Walking is good for health (Verb Gi subject iƒ‡c Gerund). 

I like playing,(Verb Gi Object iƒ‡c Gerund) 

I am poud of playing. (Preposition Gi Object iƒ‡c Gerund)

Pronoun  Gi Ae¯’vb

               ¯   Pronoun  ‘Noun’ Gi Ae¯’v‡b e‡m|

†hgb :      i. She reads a book. 

ii. I love her. 

iii. I can depend on him.

Adjective- Gi Ae¯’vb

1. Adjective mvaviYZ  Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m| ZvQvov Noun wKsev pronoun Gi Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z  Linking Verb †hgb : be, seem, feet, look, grow, become BZ¨vw`i ci e‡m|

†hgb :      A good girl reads  Regularly. 

He became tired.

    2. hLb GKvwaK Adjective Øviv †Kvb ‘Noun’ Gi Dci †Rvi eySv‡bv nq ZLb Adjective ¸‡jv Noun Gi c‡i e‡m|

‡hgb :  A  man, fearless and resolute,  should be rewarded  GLv‡b Adjective ¸‡jv A man: Noun Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q Ges a man Gi Dci †Rvi eywS‡q‡Q|

3. hw` †Kvb word wKsev  phrase ‘Adjective’  Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Zvi A_© we¯ÍvwiZ K‡i, ZLb ‘Adjective’ †h  Noun †K Modify K‡i Zvi c‡i e‡m|

‡hgb:  He is a man rich in wealth.

Dc‡ii ev‡K¨  in  wealth k㸇jv ‘rich’ G‡K we‡kølY K‡i‡Q|

Note : Adjective Gi Ae¯’v‡b   infinitive I participle e‡m|‡hgb:  I have some duties to perform.

¯ Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ ‘to perform’ nj infinitive’ev  ‘duties’ Noun Gi AwZwi³ e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i Adjective-Gi KvR K‡i‡Q|

It is a barking dog. 

 Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ ‘barking’ ‘participle’ wU ‘dog’‘Noun’ Gi c~‡e© e‡m  Zvi AwZwi³ e¨vL¨v cÖavb K‡i Adjective Gi KvR K‡i‡Q|

Abverb-Gi Ae¯’vb

 Abverb ‘Noun’I ‘pronoun’ Qvov mKj parts of speech- †K Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ  D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g  Adverb Gi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj|

1.       He walks slowly D³ ev‡K¨ ‘slowly’ adverb ‘walk’ verb †K  modify Ki‡Q|

2.       The mango is very sweet. D³ ev‡K¨  ‘very’ adverb ‘sweet’ Adjective †K  Modify. Ki‡Q|

3.       He walks very fast D³ ev‡K¨  ‘very’ adverb †K Ab¨ GKwU  Adverb ‘fast’†K  Modify Ki‡Q|

4.       He stood just  before me D³ ev‡K¨ ‘just’ Advarb wU ‘Before’ Proposition †K  modify Ki‡Q|

5.       He had reached just before I came D³ ev‡K¨  ‘just’ Adverb ‘before’ conjunction †K  modify. Ki‡Q|

q  Adverb of Manner, Adverb of place Ges Adverb of Time mvaviYZ Verb Gi c‡i e‡m,Aek¨ Verb Gi object _vK‡j ZLb GB ¸‡jv ‡mB Object Gi ci e‡m|

‡hgb t I read attentively. (Verb ‘read’ Gi ci Adverb ‘attentively’ e‡m‡Q )

  I read  the book attentively. (Read’ verb Gi object ‘book’ Gi ci Adverb ‘attentively’ e‡m‡Q)

q  Single Adverb Gi †¶‡Î Adverb of Frequency mvaviYZ : verb Gi c~‡e©|Avi Auxiliary I main verb ZvK‡j GB¸‡jvi gv‡S e‡m| Giƒc Adverb ¸‡jv nj:- always, often, never, seldom, rarely, usually, generally, sometimes. BZ¨vw`|

[Note : ‘be’ hw` g~j verb iƒ‡c KvR K‡i ZLb GB RvZxq Adverb ¸‡jv ‘be’ verb Gi ci e‡m| ]

‡hgb t              He always speaks the truth. 

I am always busy.

Note : Sentence ‘Adverb’ Qvov mKj ai‡bi Adverb –B mvaviYZ Auxiliary I Main Verb-Gi gv‡S e‡m|

†hgb t              I shall certainly miss you. 

He is still waiting for me.

q  Sentence ‘Adverb’ ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g e‡m cy‡iv evK¨‡K Modify K‡i|

‡hgb t              Actually he will pass is the examination.

q  hLb †Kvb ‘Adverb’ Ab¨ †Kvb adverb wKsev Adjective †K  Modify K‡i ZLb GB ‘Adverb’ wU Adjective wKsev Adverb Gi Av‡M e‡m|

j¶Yxq t Enough ÔAdverb’ wU  Adjective’  Gi c‡i e‡m|

‡hgb t              The dog is quite dead. 

He is intelligent enough to do the sum.

q  ‡Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb mgq Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z Adverb e‡m|

†hgb t              Down went the ship.

q  Adverb Gi Ae¯’v‡b D‡Ïk¨ A‡_© Infinitive em‡Z cv‡i|

‡hgb t We read to learn  Dc‡iv³ ev‡K¨ ‘to learn’ Infinitive ×viv ‘read’ verb Gi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

Verb Gi Ae¯’vb

Sentence Abymv‡i Verb wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b e‡m|

q  Affirmative Sentence Gi g~j Verb, Subject Gi c‡i e‡m, Aek¨-,Auxiliary + Main Verb em‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb t      He reads a book.

I shall go.

q  Negative sentence G Subject + Negative Auxiliary + Main Verb e‡m|

        †hgb t      He  does not read a book.

q  Interrogative sentence G Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb e‡m|

‡hgb t      Will you go?

q  Interrogative Sentence hw`  Wh Dcv`vb who, which, what  BZ¨vw` Subject  iƒ‡c e‡m ZLb G¸‡jvi ci Main Verb  wKsev Awiliary Verb + Main Verb  e‡m|

†hgb t      Who came here?

Who will come?

q  Who, which, what BZ¨vw`  Object wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡j Sentence Pattern nj: Who/ Which / What+ auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb.:

†hgb t What do you want ?

q  When, Why, How, Where G hy³ Wh Dcv`vb Sentence Pattern nj :When / why / where + Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb.

†hgb t  Where do you live ?

Why did you go there ?

q  Imperative Sentence G mvaviYZ : Second Person Gi Subject Dn¨ _v‡K,G Ae¯’vq  Sentence Pattern nq : Verb + Extension

†hgb t      i.  Go there .

ii.  Please do it.

q  Imperative Sentence G cÖ¯Íve wKsev AbygwZ eySv‡Z :  Sentence Pattern nj : Let + object (Me,us, him)+Verb + Extension

‡hgb t Let us go out far a walk

        £    Optative Sentence Gi MVb nj: May + Subject + verb +Ext.

†hgb t May Allah bless you.

£     Exclamatory Sentence hw`  Hurrah!, Alas! GB RvZxq Word Øviv Avi¤¢ nq ZLb Zvi MVb nj :       Hurraly !/Alase !.../+ Subject + Verb + Object / Complement . 

‡hgb t  Hurrah! We have won the match.

£  Exclamatory sentence What a/ an /How Øviv Avi¤¢ n‡j Zvi MVb nj : What a/ an/ How +    Complement + Verb+ ! 

                          ‡hgb t How fool you are !

Non-Finite Verb Gi Ae¯’v

 Finite verb Gi mvnv‡h¨ Qvov  Non finite verb A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

†hgb t        i. I saw a bird flying.

 ii. It is a painted car.

                                                iii. We read to learn.

 Dc‡ii i. bs ev‡K¨ flying ii. bs ev‡K¨ painted iii. bs ev‡K¨ to learn G verb ¸‡jv bv em‡j I cÖ‡Z¨KwU evK¨ c~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB G ¸‡jv nj : Non-finite verb.

Infinitive :

Infinitive : mvaviYZ: verb Gi Present form Gi Av‡M to hy³ Ae¯’v hv Noun, Adjective I  Adverb Gi KvR K‡i| 

£ Noun Gi KvR wnmv‡e infinitive Gi Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv nj:

1. Verb Gi  Subject – To err is human.
2. Verb Gi Object – I want to die.
3. Verb Gi Complement: My hobby is to play.
4. Preposition Gi Object: I am about to start.
5. Object Gi  complement: I saw him go.

Note : (5) bs ev‡K¨ go nj Bare infinitive, Bare Infinitive ej‡Z to Qvov Infinitive eySv‡bv nq| See, hear, need, did, help, please, let BZ¨vw` ci   Simple Sentence G wKsev GKB Clause G Ab¨ †Kvb verb Am‡j  Active voice G †mB  verb wU bare infinitive n‡e wKš‘ let Qvov Ab¨vb¨ verb ¸‡jvi ci Passive Voice G  full infinitive n‡e|          ‡hgb t      Active : I saw him go.

Passive : He was seen to go (by me)

q  Adjective Gi KvR wnmv‡e Infinitive Gi D`vniY †`Iqv nj| G Ae¯’vq Infinitive mvaviYZ Noun Gi c‡i e‡m| ZvQvov linking-Gi c‡iI em‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb t       i.  This is a book to read.

ii. This house is to let.

q  Infinitive hLb Adverb Gi KvR K‡i ZLb GwU Verb †K Modify Ki‡j mvaviYZ: D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk cvq|

†hgb t      We read to learn.

q  Infinitive ‘Adjective’ -‡K modify Ki‡j GwU mvaviYZ: Adjective Gi c‡i e‡m|

‡hgb t      i.  The mango is sweet to taste.

ii.  I am anxious to learn.

q  Infinitive cy‡iv Sentence -‡K Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i|

‡hgb t      To tell the truth , I am not happy now.  

      wewfbœ ai‡bi Infinitive Gi MVb D`vni‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nj|

       £ The continuous infinitive :

to be + verb + ing

He seems to be following us.

        £ The perfect Infinitive

          To have + Past participle

         Ho house was to have been ready to sell.

[Note : Modal Verbs †hgb t can, may could, should, must  BZ¨vw`i ci Bare infinitive nq|]

†hgb t

1.       He should have helped me.

2.       You should help the poor.

         £ to have been  + verb  + ing

        He appears to have been waiting for a long time.

       Passive Infinitive

To be + Past Participle.

I want the work to be done.

q  ‘Have’ verb Gi ci e¨w³ evPK object _vK‡j Zvici bare Infinitive e‡m Ges Zvi ×viv Ggb idea cÖKvk cvq †h KZv©, Object ×viv Infinitive Gi KvRwU Kwi‡q †bq|Get-Gi ci e¨w³ evPK Object _vK‡j Zvi ci Full Infinitive e‡m Ges Zvi ×viv Ggb idea cÖKvk cvq †h KZv©  objecti †K w`‡q Infinitive Gi KvRwU Kwi‡q †bq|

My friend washed my shirt or I got my friend to wash my shirt.

Participle :

Participle : Participle; Non-Finite Verb Gi GKwU Ae¯’v hv Adjective Gi KvR K‡i|

†hgb t.     i.  I saw a barking dog.

ii. It is a painted car.

iii. I saw a bird singing.

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ ev‡K¨i barking, painted I singing g~yjZ Verb nIqv m‡Ë¡ G¸‡jv h_vµ‡g dog, car, I bird  -GB Noun ¸‡jv m¤^‡× AwZwi³ e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i  Adjective Gi KvR K‡i‡Q|

i.  Present Participle: Verb Gi  Present form + ing hvnv Adjective Gi KvR K‡i Ges Active idea cÖ`vb K‡i| G¸‡jv Noun Gi Av‡M Ges Noun wKsev pronoun Gi c‡i em‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb t      A rolling stone gathers no moss.

I found him standing at the door.

Finishing the work, he left the door.

q  Nominative Absolute – Gi †¶‡Î cÖ_g m¤úvw`Z KvRwU Present Participle nq|

†hgb t  The weather being fine, I went out.

ii. Past Participle:  Bnv nj verb Gi Past Participle form hvnv Passive idea cÖKvk K‡i| Bnv Noun Gi Av‡M Ges Noun wKsev Pronoun Gi c‡i em‡Z cv‡i|

‡hgb t      Wasted time never comes back.

I bought a book written by Martin.

q  Past participle.’ linking verb’ Gi c‡i e‡m Subject ‡K Modify Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†hgb t      He seems worried.

I am satisfied.

 iii. Perfect Participle:  Perfect Participle- Active/ Passive idea  cÖ`vb K‡i|

Active Perfect Participle Gi MVb nj: Having + verb Gi past participle

Having finished the work, I returned home.

The sum having set , I returned home.

 £ Passive Perfect Participle Gi MVb nj :

       Having been + past participle:

      †hgb :Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

Gerund :

Gerund : Gerund nj ing hy³ H verb hv Noun G Ae¯’v‡b e‡m|

 i.  Verb Gi Subject: walking is good for health.

ii. Verb Gi object: I like walking.

iii. Verb Gi complement: My hobby is playing.

iv. Preposition Gi Object: He is found of playing.

Preposition Gi Ae¯’vb  :

q  Preposition ‘Noun’ wKsev Noun m¤úwK©Z welq †hgb- noun phrase, noun clause, Infinitive I Gerund Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ab¨ c‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i | †hgb :

 †hgb t     I live with Rina.

D³ ev‡K¨ With ‘Rina’ Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m live Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|

q  Relative pronoun I Interrogative Pronoun hw` Object iƒ‡c e‡m ZLb Preposition mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m|           

†hgb t This is the book that lacked for .

What are you looking at?

Conjunction Gi Ae¯’vb

 Conjunction GKvwaK word, phrase, clause Ges  Sentence †K hy³ K‡i|

sub-ordinate  Conjunction ¸‡jv Principal Clause Gi mv‡_ Sub-ordinate-‡K hy³ K‡i| 

‡hgb t      When I went there    .          I saw a bird .

  sub-ordinate                       principle clause

 Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ When kã ×vi ‘I went there.’ Clause and ‘I saw a bird.’ Clause Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb n‡q‡Q|

q  Co - ordinate conjunction ¸‡jv mgRvZxq word, phrase wKsev clause †K hy³ K‡i|

†hgb t  Rina and Mina went there.

Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Rina I Mina GB `yBwU Proper noun Co -ordinate conjunction ‘and’ ×viv hy³ n‡q‡Q|

q  ‡Kvb Noun Gi Av‡M hw` Gap _v‡K Ges Gap G †Kvb word bv em‡j I hw` evK¨wU A_© cÖ`vb  Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb H Gap-G Adjective em‡e|

†hgb t

He is ..... man D³ ev‡K¨i Gap G †Kvb kã bv em‡j I A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fve‡Z n‡e †h D³ ev‡K¨i Gap G Adjective em‡e|

He is a good han. GLv‡b Good nj Adjective.

q  hw` †Kvb Noun Gi Av‡M Gap _v‡K Ges H Gap G †Kvb kã bv emv‡j evK¨wU c~Y© evK¨ bv nq ZLb fve‡Z n‡e †mB Gap G Proposition em‡e|

†hgb t  I live.... Ripon.  D³ ev‡K¨i Gap G †Kvb kãbv emv‡j c~Y© A_© n‡e bv| Preposition ‘with’

w`‡j c~Y© A_© n‡e|

†hgb t      I live with Ripon.

q  hLb Adjective Gi c~‡e© Gap _v‡K Ges Gap G †Kvb word bv emv‡j I evK¨wU c~Y© A_© cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb fve‡Z n‡e †mB Gap G Adverb em‡e|

He is .... a good boy.  D³ ev‡K¨i Gap G †Kvb kã bv emv‡jI evK¨wU c~Y© A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB G Gap G Adverb em‡e| ‡hgb t  He is really a good boy .GLv‡b Ô ReallyÕ  word wU nj Adverb.

Determiner, Modifier, Head Word & Head Word

Determiner

° Determine-wbY©q Kiv/ mbv³ Kiv/ cwigvc Kiv

   Determiner- †h wbY©q K‡i / †m mbv³ K‡i|

° ‡h mg¯Í kã †Kvb Noun †K mbv³ K‡i ev Zv‡`i msL¨v ev cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i †K Deter miner e‡j|

q  eûj e¨eüZ Determiner Gi ZvwjKv :

                                 i.      Article : A, An, The.

                                ii.      Demonstrative : This, That, these, those.

                              iii.      Possessive : My, his, your, their

                              iv.      Quantifiers : Some little, any, a good deal of, a lot of

                               v.      Cardinal Numerals : one, two, three, four

                              vi.      Ordinal Numerals : First, Scond, third

                            vii.      General Ordinals : Next, last, other, another

                           viii.      Wh Determiners : What, Whose, which

Modifier

°  Modify- iƒcvšÍi Kiv / cwieZ©b Kiv / Ae¯’vb †evSv‡bv|

     Modifier- †h iƒcvšÍi K‡i / Ae¯’vb eySvq|

°  ‡h mKj Word †Kvb Noun ev Phrase-Noun   Gi c~‡e© A_ev c‡i e‡m Zv m¤^‡Ü AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Modifier e‡j|

Note: Determiner, Adjective Ges Noun- Adjective: Modifier Gi KvR K‡i|

Modifier `yB cÖKvi t

               i.      Pre Modifier : hv Noun / Pronoun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ae¯’v †evSvq|

 He is a wise man.

              ii.      Post Modifier : hv Noun / Pronoun  Gi c‡i e‡m Ae¯’v †evSvq|

He found the girl reading a book.

Head Word

°  Head Word/Central Word- †K›`ªxq kã

°  Head Word- ‡h kã‡K †K›`ª K‡i Phrase M‡o D‡V Zv‡K Head Word e‡j|

°  cÖ‡Z¨K Phrase Gi ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© kã Z_v central word B Head Word

°  Phrase  MVb : DMH   -   D + M +H.W

                                                       A + little + boy

                                                       My + younger + brother

                        A little boy comes here to see my younger brother.

Determiner – A, My

Modifier – Little, younger

Finite verb – Come

Noun Phrase – A little boy

Head Word – Boy, Brother

Infinitive – To see

Infinitive phrase – To see my younger brother

                                                                Appositive

► `yBwU Noun cvkv cvwk e‡m GKB e¨w³ e¯‘‡K eySv‡j, wØZxq Noun wU‡K cÖ_g Noun Gi Appositive ev Case in Apposition  e‡j| GwU Noun Phrase  Gi KvR K‡i| Ges Ge Av‡M I c‡i Comma e‡m|

   Mr. Kamal, the Principal of our madrasha, is a wise man.

                Appositive